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Table 1 Cell type comparison

From: Epigenetic regulation and factors that influence the effect of iPSCs-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the treatment of spinal cord injury

Cell type

Advantages

Disadvantages

Reference

ESCs

High proliferative and pluripotent potential; can differentiate into various types and region-specific NS/PCs

Ethical concerns; risk of immune rejection and teratoma formation

[11, 126,127,128,129]

MSCs

Low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; easy to isolate and expand; secrete neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines; can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes

Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; variable quality and potency

[12, 130,131,132,133,134,135]

SCs

Can remyelinate host axons and enhance axonal regeneration; secrete neurotrophic factors and inhibit scar formation; can be derived from peripheral nerves or iPSCs

Limited sources and availability; risk of immune rejection and tumor formation for allogeneic SCs; may cause aberrant sprouting or synaptogenesis

[14, 136,137,138,139,140,141]

OECs

Can remyelinate host axons and enhance axonal regeneration; secrete neurotrophic factors and inhibit scar formation; can cross the glial scar and guide axonal growth; can be derived from olfactory mucosa or iPSCs

Limited sources and availability; risk of immune rejection and tumor formation for allogeneic OECs; may cause aberrant sprouting or synaptogenesis

[15, 142,143,144,145,146,147]

UCBDCs

Abundant and accessible sources; low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; secrete neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines; can differentiate into neurons, glia, and endothelial cells

Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; variable quality and potency

[16, 148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155]

HFSCs

Low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; easy to isolate and expand; can differentiate into epidermal cells and sebaceous gland cells; can be reprogrammed into iPSCs

Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; may cause hair overgrowth or cyst formation

[17, 156,157,158,159,160,161,162]

EPI-NCSCs

Low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; easy to isolate and expand; can differentiate into neurons, glia, melanocytes, and smooth muscle cells; can be reprogrammed into iPSCs

Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; may cause pigmentation or tumor formation

[18, 163,164,165,166,167]

  1. Several types of cells have been used for cell transplantation therapy in SCI. However, the choice of cell type for transplantation is crucial, as different cell types have different advantages and disadvantages for SCI therapy. This table summarizes the main features of some common cell types for SCI therapy, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), Schwann cells (SCs), olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), umbilical cord blood derived cells (UCBDCs), hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs)
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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