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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study cohort

From: Differential adipokine DNA methylation and gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue from adult offspring of women with diabetes in pregnancy

 

O-GDM

O-T1DM

O-BP

O-GDM vs. O-BP

p value

O-T1DM vs. O-BP

p value

N (total = 206)

82

67

57

  

Maternal characteristics

 Pregestational BMI (kg/m2)

24.3 (5.6)

21.7 (1.9)

21.2 (3.5)

<0.001

0.301

 Maternal age at delivery

30.4 (5.2)

26.4 (4.7)

26.8 (4.6)

<0.001

0.645

 Maternal smoking status (yes/no)

22/69 (32%)

37/59 (63%)

26/45 (58%)

<0.006

0.610

 Family history of diabetes (yes vs. no)

26% (21/82)

25% (17/67)

16% (9/57)

0.166

0.191

Offspring anthropometric data

 Age (years)

30.2 (2.1)

30.8 (2.4)

30.8 (2.4)

0.183

0.879

 Gender (male)

52% (43/82)

46% (31/67)

46% (26/57)

0.429

0.942

 Height (m)

1.76 (0.10)

1.74 (0.10)

1.74 (0.10)

0.481

0.676

 Weight (kg)

77.8 (17.4)

78.3 (17.9)

75.3 (16.5)

0.398

0.331

 Total body fat (%)

29.8% (0.1)

31.4% (0.1)

28.7% (0.1)

0.428

0.093

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.2 (5.1)

26.0 (5.9)

24.6 (3.9)

0.493

0.113

 Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2)

15% (12/82)

16% (11/67)

7% (4/57)

0.166

0.110

 Waist circumference

85.0 (12.3)

84.3 (11.7)

82.0 (11.2)

0.149

0.265

 Mean blood pressure—systolic (mmHg)

117 (9.1)

117 (8.8)

116 (11.9)

0.606

0.626

 Mean blood pressure—diastolic (mmHg)

74 (7.43)

71 (9.02)

71.0 (7.28)

0.023

0.859

Results of OGTTa

 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)

5.0 (0.7)

4.9 (0.4)

4.9 (0.3)

0.245

0.381

 30-min plasma glucose (mmol/l)

8.2 (1.71)

7.8 (1.65)

7.3 (1.6)

0.006

0.125

 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l)

6.0 (1.8)

6.3 (1.7)

5.3 (1.2)

0.016

0.001

 HbA1C_DCCT (%)

5.4 (0.3)

5.3 (0.3)

5.3 (0.3)

0.079

0.569

 Abnormal glucose tolerance (IFG, IGT, or T2DM)

13% (11/82)

13% (9/67)

5% (3/57)

0.116

0.125

 HOMA-IRb

1.77 (1.56–2.02)

1.95 (1.71–2.22)

1.72 (1.47–2.02)

0.784

0.222

Plasma samplesb

 Fasting insulin (pmol/l)

48.9 (43.3–55.2)

54.2 (47.9–61.4)

48.6 (41.9–56.4)

0.953

0.255

 Triglycerides (mmol/l)

0.89 (0.81–0.98)

0.84 (0.76–0.93)

1.00 (0.76–1.31)

0.391

0.233

 HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.33 (1.26–1.41)

1.44 (1.37–1.52)

1.36 (1.26–1.48)

0.605

0.241

  1. Data is mean (SD) or percentage, unless otherwise indicated. All comparisons are to the O-BP control group. Analysis of differences (means or proportions) between groups was performed by independent samples t test or chi-square test, respectively. p values <0.05 are in bold
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance, IFG impaired fasting glucose, IGT impaired glucose tolerance, O-BP offspring of women from the background population, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, O-GDM offspring of women with gestational diabetes, O-T1DM offspring of women with type 1 diabetes, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus
  3. aBased on 2-h 75-g OGTT and evaluated according to the WHO criteria of 2006 [31]
  4. bData is presented as geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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