From: Prenatal epigenetics diets play protective roles against environmental pollution
Heavy metal | Exposure stage | Epigenetic change | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Arsenic | In utero | Altered DNA methylation status of specific genes in the placenta | [191] |
Prenatal | Altered DNA methylation in artery and placenta | [199] | |
Prenatal | Altered DNA methylation in newborn cord blood | ||
Early pregnancy | Decreased DNA methylation in cord blood | [194] | |
Cadmium | Prenatal | Differentially methylated CpG sites | [208] |
Early pregnancy | Altered DNA methylation at multiple DMRs in offspring with sex and possibly race/ethnic-specific effects | [203] | |
Maternal | Decreased DNA methylation levels in placental PCDHAC1 promoter | [206] | |
Prenatal | Altered DNA methylation differently in girls and boys | [204] | |
Maternal | Altered DNA methylation levels in the leukocyte of newborns and their mothers | [205] | |
Mercury | Prenatal | Increased DNA methylation in umbilical cord blood of infants | [190] |
In utero | Hypomethylation of EMID2 gene in placental samples | [230] | |
Prenatal | Related to DNA methylation at the TCEANC2 region in cord blood samples | [231] | |
Lead | Prenatal | Hypermethylation at the MEC3 DMR regulatory region | [223] |
In utero | Sex-specific trends between Pb and DNA methylation | ||
Prenatal | Hypomethylation of genomic DNA and Alu and LINE-1 genes in cord blood | [224] | |
Manganese | Prenatal | Altered placental DNA methylation | [229] |