From: Aberrant DNA methylation in melanoma: biomarker and therapeutic opportunities
Pathway/function | Genes (methylation frequencya) | References |
---|---|---|
Tumor suppressors | CDH1 (88%), CDKN2A (76%), PTEN (23%), APC (15%), SOCS1 (75%) | |
Oncogenes | PAX7 (31%), OLIG2 (63%), SYK (2%) | |
Protein kinases | DAPK1 (19%), HSPB8 (69%) | |
Differentiation | TNFRSF10A/C/D,CCR7, THBD (20%), BST2 (50%), DPP4 (80%), ENC1 (6%), GDF15 (75%), WIF1 | |
Homeodomain proteins | HOXB13 (20%), PAX2 (38%), PAX7 (31%), NKX2-3 (63%) | |
Hypoxia | CDKN1B, CDKN1C (35%), CXCR4, LXN (95%) | |
Transcription factors | PGR (56%), HAND1/2 (15%), PAX7 (31%), ESR1, RUNX3 (23%) | |
Interferon gamma response | SOCS1 (75%), HLA-A, PTGS2 (20%), SOCS3 (60%), BST2 (50%), XAF1, SOCS2 (44%) | |
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | TFPI2, TIMP3 (13%), COL1A2 (63%), TPM1 (8%), PDLIM4 | |
PI3K/mTOR | CXCR4, CDKN1B, PTEN (23%) | |
Metastasis | CDH8 (10%), CDH13 (44%), EPB41L3 (5%), SERPINB5 (100%), TFPI2, SYK (3%), CCR7 | |
Immune recognition | MAGE-A1,2,3,4, BAGE (83%), HLA-A | |
Apoptosis | RASSF1A, HSPB6 (69%), TRAILR1 (80%) | |
DNA repair | MGMT (0–50%) | [151] |
Metabolism | CYP1B1 (100%), DNAJC15 (50%), CD98 | |
Other/unknown | FAM78A, LRRC2, PCSK1, PPP1R3C, PTPRG, QPCT, SLC27A3, DERL3, MFAP2, MT1G, WFDC1 |