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Table 1 Clinical parameters of analyzed cohorts and subgroups

From: Epigenetic signatures of gestational diabetes mellitus on cord blood methylation

Array cohort A

Controls

D-GDM

I-GDM

p value

 Sample size (n)

18

 

20

 

 Gestational week

39.1 ± 0.9

 

39.2 ± 1.3

0.346

 Preterm birth (n)

0

 

1

1

 Maternal BMI (kg/m2)

25.2 ± 3.1

 

26.3 ± 3.5

0.303

 Maternal height (cm)

164.4 ± 6.7

 

167.9 ± 7.6

0.141

 Weight before pregnancy (kg)

69.8 ± 10.8

 

75.8 ± 12.9

0.133

 Weight before birth (kg)

82.0 ± 11.3

 

88.6 ± 13.3

0.118

 HbA1c (%)

n.d.

 

5.8 ± 0.6

n.d.

 Diabetes before pregnancya

0

 

1 TDM1, 1 TDM2

0.488

 Maternal age (years)

29.6 ± 2.8

 

31.0 ± 4.6

0.259

 Parityb

7 PP, 6 BP, 5 MP

 

5 PP, 13 BP, 2 MP

0.965

 Spontaneous abortion rate

0.50 ± 0.71

 

0.15 ± 0.37

0.186

 Nicotine consumptionc

n.d.

 

17 NS, 3 S

n.d.

 Maternal comorbitidiesd

0

 

2 T

0.488

 Mode of birthe

12 UVB, 6 CS

 

15 UVB, 2 VVB, 3 CS

0.239

 Sex of child

8 ♂, 10 ♀

 

11 ♂, 9 ♀

0.746

 Birth weight (g)

3283.6 ± 420.7

 

3673.3 ± 515.9

0.016

 Weight for gestational agef

18 AGA

 

18 AGA, 2 LGA

0.613

 Placenta weight (g)

509.4 ± 105.8

 

566.2 ± 127.0

0.372

 Blood pH

7.32 ± 0.05

 

7.28 ± 0.06

0.019

Array cohort B

Controls

D-GDM

I-GDM

p value

 Sample size (n)

46

24

24

 

 Gestational week

39.5 ± 1.4

39.1 ± 1.3

38.7 ± 1.5

0.024

 Preterm birth (n)

2

1

1

1

 Maternal BMI (kg/m2)

25.3 ± 6.4

25.1 ± 4.1

29.9 ± 7.3

0.018

 Maternal height (cm)

166.3 ± 9.4

165.3 ± 6.4

165.9 ± 5.9

0.581

 Weight before pregnancy (kg)

71.7 ± 17.9

69.0 ± 10.8

83.6 ± 20.6

0.034

 Weight before birth (kg)

86.0 ± 7.7

80.2 ± 10.6

96.7 ± 20.4

0.009

 HbA1c (%)

n.d.

5.5 ± 0.4

5.9 ± 0.6

0.020

 Diabetes before pregnancya

0

0

3 TDM1, 1 TDM2

0.007

 Maternal age (years)

30.3 ± 5.8

31.7 ± 6.1

31.3 ± 4.6

0.526

 Parityb

28 PP, 10 BP, 8 MP

13 PP, 9 BP, 2 MP

13 PP, 9 BP, 2 MP

0.491

 Spontaneous abortion rate

0.46 ± 0.98

0.29 ± 1.04

0.25 ± 0.61

0.370

 Nicotine consumptionc

41 NS, 5 S

23 NS, 1 S

22 NS, 2 S

0.637

 Maternal comorbitidiesd

1 H, 1 T

1 P

1 H

1

 Mode of birthe

34 UVB, 3 VVB, 9 CS

14 UVB, 1 VVB, 9 CS

18 UVB, 5 CS

0.262

 Sex of child

22 ♂, 24 ♀

12 ♂, 12 ♀

12 ♂, 12 ♀

0.978

 Birth weight (g)

3391.2 ± 575.9

3396.9 ± 558.4

3465 ± 478.4

0.960

 Weight for gestational agef

2 SGA, 44 AGA

23 AGA, 1 LGA

23 AGA, 1 LGA

0.183

 Placenta weight (g)

n.d

538.4 ± 111.0

552.1 ± 128.0

0.900

 Blood pH

7.29 ± 0.10

7.30 ± 0.06

7.26 ± 0.10

0.368

Pyrosequencing cohort

Controls

D-GDM

I-GDM

p value

 Sample size (n)

56

64

61

 

 Gestational week

39.5 ± 1.4

39.0 ± 1.4

38.8 ± 1.4

0.007

 Preterm birth (n)

3

3

3

1

 Maternal BMI (kg/m2)

25.2 ± 5.9

25.7 ± 5.0

31.5 ± 8.1

<0.001

 Maternal height (cm)

166.6 ± 9.1

165.4 ± 6.2

166.6 ± 6.5

0.294

 Weight before pregnancy (kg)

71.8 ± 16.4

71.1 ± 14.6

89.3 ± 23.4

<0.001

 Weight before birth (kg)

85.8 ± 16.5

84.2 ± 15.2

101.2 ± 24.0

<0.001

 HbA1c (%)

n.d.

5.5 ± 0.3

5.8 ± 0.4

<0.001

 Diabetes before pregnancya

0

0

5 TDM1, 3 TDM2

<0.001

 Maternal age (years)

30.4 ± 5.8

31.3 ± 6.1

32.2 ± 5.3

0.243

 Parityb

33 PP, 13 BP, 10 MP

35 PP, 22 BP, 7 MP

25 PP, 23 BP, 12 MP

0.203

 Spontaneous abortion rate

0.52 ± 1.13

0.31 ± 0.77

0.27 ± 0.55

0.846

 Nicotine consumptionc

47 NS, 9 S

57 NS, 7 S

55 NS, 7 S

0.549

 Maternal comorbitidiesd

1 H, 2 T

1 H, 2 P, 1 T

3 H, 1 T

1

 Mode of birthe

42 UVB, 3 VVB, 11 CS

35 UVB, 1 VVB, 23 CS

43 UVB, 4 VVB, 17 CS

0.273

 Sex of child

29 ♂, 27 ♀

25 ♂, 38 ♀

34 ♂, 26 ♀

0.152

 Birth weight (g)

3332.2 ± 550.9

3311.6 ± 504.1

3540.0 ± 473.3

0.051

 Weight for gestational agef

3 SGA, 53 AGA

63 AGA, 1 LGA

56 AGA, 2 LGA

0.064

 Placenta weight (g)

n.d.

517.8 ± 99.3

556.3 ± 127.1

0.155

 Blood pH

7.29 ± 0.09

7.30 ± 0.06

7.28 ± 0.08

0.593

  1. n.d. no data
  2. aTDM1 = type 1 diabetes mellitus, TDM2 = type 2 diabetes mellitus
  3. bPP = primiparous, BP = biparous, MP = multiparous
  4. cNS = non-smoker, S = smoker
  5. dH = hypertension, P = preeclampsia, T = thyroid dysfunction
  6. eCS = Cesarean section, UVB = unassisted vaginal birth, VVB = ventouse-assisted vaginal birth
  7. fSGA = small for gestational age (<3th percentile), AGA = appropriate for gestational age (3rd–97th percentile), LGA = large for gestational age (>97th percentile)