From: Epigenetic signatures of gestational diabetes mellitus on cord blood methylation
Array cohort A | Controls | D-GDM | I-GDM | p value |
 Sample size (n) | 18 |  | 20 |  |
 Gestational week | 39.1 ± 0.9 |  | 39.2 ± 1.3 | 0.346 |
 Preterm birth (n) | 0 |  | 1 | 1 |
 Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 3.1 |  | 26.3 ± 3.5 | 0.303 |
 Maternal height (cm) | 164.4 ± 6.7 |  | 167.9 ± 7.6 | 0.141 |
 Weight before pregnancy (kg) | 69.8 ± 10.8 |  | 75.8 ± 12.9 | 0.133 |
 Weight before birth (kg) | 82.0 ± 11.3 |  | 88.6 ± 13.3 | 0.118 |
 HbA1c (%) | n.d. |  | 5.8 ± 0.6 | n.d. |
 Diabetes before pregnancya | 0 |  | 1 TDM1, 1 TDM2 | 0.488 |
 Maternal age (years) | 29.6 ± 2.8 |  | 31.0 ± 4.6 | 0.259 |
 Parityb | 7 PP, 6 BP, 5 MP |  | 5 PP, 13 BP, 2 MP | 0.965 |
 Spontaneous abortion rate | 0.50 ± 0.71 |  | 0.15 ± 0.37 | 0.186 |
 Nicotine consumptionc | n.d. |  | 17 NS, 3 S | n.d. |
 Maternal comorbitidiesd | 0 |  | 2 T | 0.488 |
 Mode of birthe | 12 UVB, 6 CS |  | 15 UVB, 2 VVB, 3 CS | 0.239 |
 Sex of child | 8 ♂, 10 ♀ |  | 11 ♂, 9 ♀ | 0.746 |
 Birth weight (g) | 3283.6 ± 420.7 |  | 3673.3 ± 515.9 | 0.016 |
 Weight for gestational agef | 18 AGA |  | 18 AGA, 2 LGA | 0.613 |
 Placenta weight (g) | 509.4 ± 105.8 |  | 566.2 ± 127.0 | 0.372 |
 Blood pH | 7.32 ± 0.05 |  | 7.28 ± 0.06 | 0.019 |
Array cohort B | Controls | D-GDM | I-GDM | p value |
 Sample size (n) | 46 | 24 | 24 |  |
 Gestational week | 39.5 ± 1.4 | 39.1 ± 1.3 | 38.7 ± 1.5 | 0.024 |
 Preterm birth (n) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 6.4 | 25.1 ± 4.1 | 29.9 ± 7.3 | 0.018 |
 Maternal height (cm) | 166.3 ± 9.4 | 165.3 ± 6.4 | 165.9 ± 5.9 | 0.581 |
 Weight before pregnancy (kg) | 71.7 ± 17.9 | 69.0 ± 10.8 | 83.6 ± 20.6 | 0.034 |
 Weight before birth (kg) | 86.0 ± 7.7 | 80.2 ± 10.6 | 96.7 ± 20.4 | 0.009 |
 HbA1c (%) | n.d. | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 0.020 |
 Diabetes before pregnancya | 0 | 0 | 3 TDM1, 1 TDM2 | 0.007 |
 Maternal age (years) | 30.3 ± 5.8 | 31.7 ± 6.1 | 31.3 ± 4.6 | 0.526 |
 Parityb | 28 PP, 10 BP, 8 MP | 13 PP, 9 BP, 2 MP | 13 PP, 9 BP, 2 MP | 0.491 |
 Spontaneous abortion rate | 0.46 ± 0.98 | 0.29 ± 1.04 | 0.25 ± 0.61 | 0.370 |
 Nicotine consumptionc | 41 NS, 5 S | 23 NS, 1 S | 22 NS, 2 S | 0.637 |
 Maternal comorbitidiesd | 1 H, 1 T | 1 P | 1 H | 1 |
 Mode of birthe | 34 UVB, 3 VVB, 9 CS | 14 UVB, 1 VVB, 9 CS | 18 UVB, 5 CS | 0.262 |
 Sex of child | 22 ♂, 24 ♀ | 12 ♂, 12 ♀ | 12 ♂, 12 ♀ | 0.978 |
 Birth weight (g) | 3391.2 ± 575.9 | 3396.9 ± 558.4 | 3465 ± 478.4 | 0.960 |
 Weight for gestational agef | 2 SGA, 44 AGA | 23 AGA, 1 LGA | 23 AGA, 1 LGA | 0.183 |
 Placenta weight (g) | n.d | 538.4 ± 111.0 | 552.1 ± 128.0 | 0.900 |
 Blood pH | 7.29 ± 0.10 | 7.30 ± 0.06 | 7.26 ± 0.10 | 0.368 |
Pyrosequencing cohort | Controls | D-GDM | I-GDM | p value |
 Sample size (n) | 56 | 64 | 61 |  |
 Gestational week | 39.5 ± 1.4 | 39.0 ± 1.4 | 38.8 ± 1.4 | 0.007 |
 Preterm birth (n) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
 Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 5.9 | 25.7 ± 5.0 | 31.5 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
 Maternal height (cm) | 166.6 ± 9.1 | 165.4 ± 6.2 | 166.6 ± 6.5 | 0.294 |
 Weight before pregnancy (kg) | 71.8 ± 16.4 | 71.1 ± 14.6 | 89.3 ± 23.4 | <0.001 |
 Weight before birth (kg) | 85.8 ± 16.5 | 84.2 ± 15.2 | 101.2 ± 24.0 | <0.001 |
 HbA1c (%) | n.d. | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
 Diabetes before pregnancya | 0 | 0 | 5 TDM1, 3 TDM2 | <0.001 |
 Maternal age (years) | 30.4 ± 5.8 | 31.3 ± 6.1 | 32.2 ± 5.3 | 0.243 |
 Parityb | 33 PP, 13 BP, 10 MP | 35 PP, 22 BP, 7 MP | 25 PP, 23 BP, 12 MP | 0.203 |
 Spontaneous abortion rate | 0.52 ± 1.13 | 0.31 ± 0.77 | 0.27 ± 0.55 | 0.846 |
 Nicotine consumptionc | 47 NS, 9 S | 57 NS, 7 S | 55 NS, 7 S | 0.549 |
 Maternal comorbitidiesd | 1 H, 2 T | 1 H, 2 P, 1 T | 3 H, 1 T | 1 |
 Mode of birthe | 42 UVB, 3 VVB, 11 CS | 35 UVB, 1 VVB, 23 CS | 43 UVB, 4 VVB, 17 CS | 0.273 |
 Sex of child | 29 ♂, 27 ♀ | 25 ♂, 38 ♀ | 34 ♂, 26 ♀ | 0.152 |
 Birth weight (g) | 3332.2 ± 550.9 | 3311.6 ± 504.1 | 3540.0 ± 473.3 | 0.051 |
 Weight for gestational agef | 3 SGA, 53 AGA | 63 AGA, 1 LGA | 56 AGA, 2 LGA | 0.064 |
 Placenta weight (g) | n.d. | 517.8 ± 99.3 | 556.3 ± 127.1 | 0.155 |
 Blood pH | 7.29 ± 0.09 | 7.30 ± 0.06 | 7.28 ± 0.08 | 0.593 |