Table 1 Study participant characteristics by maternal B vitamin concentrations: Newborn Epigenetic STudy (N = 496)

Age at delivery (year)

 20–29

278 (56%)

428.44 (56.13–2628.11)

6.66 (0.00–54.90)

2.85 (0.00–179.19)

0.69 (0.30–1.34)

 18–< 20

22 (4%)

419.05 (216.96–834.27)

7.30 (1.25–32.19)

3.43 (0.00–24.92)

0.75 (0.44–0.98)

 30–35

147 (30%)

495.38 (151.24–3664.91)

8.46 (0.00–173.86)

3.70 (0.00–218.44)

0.70 (0.33–1.54)

 36+

50 (10%)

411.46 (148.62–2779.17)

9.02 (0.41–76.90)

2.85 (0.00–122.61)

0.71 (0.35–1.07)

Race/ethnicity

 Black

186 (42%)

431.76 (109.44–1249.75)

5.62 (0.00–34.58)

2.41 (0.00–130.60)

0.70 (0.30–1.54)

 White

133 (30%)

493.67 (56.13–3664.91)

8.87 (0.00–173.86)

4.85 (0.00–218.44)

0.73 (0.44–1.19)

 Hispanic

121 (28%)

432.25 (93.47–2779.17)

8.07 (1.60–30.24)

2.94 (0.00–30.01)

0.69 (0.33–1.22)

Preterm birth

 Term

468 (94%)

444.02 (56.13–3664.91)

7.35 (0.00–173.86)

3.21 (0.00–218.44)

0.70 (0.30–1.54)

 Preterm

29 (6%)

485.71 (162.05–891.89)

7.91 (0.00–34.58)

3.24 (0.00–30.01)

0.66 (0.33–1.08)

Marital status

 Married

186 (38%)

485.98 (148.62–3664.91)

8.89 (0.00–173.86)

4.25 (0.00–218.44)

0.71 (0.30–1.22)

 Never married

141 (29%)

443.03 (56.13–2628.11)

5.86 (0.95–34.58)

2.57 (0.00–130.60)

0.70 (0.35–1.34)

 Living with partner

136 (28%)

406.87 (133.52–1570.18)

7.73 (0.00–31.59)

2.94 (0.00–35.09)

0.69 (0.44–1.54)

 Other

28 (5%)

398.20 (128.05–2779.17)

7.55 (0.00–35.12)

2.55 (0.00–11.38)

0.71 (0.33–1.10)

Parity (at enrollment)

 Multiparous

320 (65%)

443.89 (56.13–3664.91)

6.74 (0.00–173.86)

2.77 (0.00–218.44)

0.69 (0.33–1.54)

 Nulliparous

176 (35%)

454.01 (109.44–1600.50)

9.02 (0.00–63.59)

4.34 (0.00–186.65)

0.71 (0.30–1.21)

Household income

 <$25,000

215 (55%)

414.91 (128.05–2779.17)

6.66 (0.00–56.00)

2.71 (0.00–30.01)

0.68 (0.35–1.34)

 $25,000–$49,999

54 (14%)

426.39 (162.05–855.61)

6.25 (0.00–173.86)

3.20 (0.00–218.44)

0.72 (0.30–1.54)

 $50,000–$100,000

73 (18%)

500.13 (143.07–3664.91)

9.92 (0.00–76.90)

4.67 (0.00–179.19)

0.73 (0.43–1.19)

 >$100,000

50 (13%)

507.86 (148.62–1600.50)

11.32 (1.34–63.59)

5.52 (0.79–186.65)

0.68 (0.44–1.10)

Education

 College graduate

145 (29%)

508.50 (148.62–3664.91)

9.15 (0.00–173.86)

4.60 (0.00–218.44)

0.70 (0.30–1.21)

 High school/GED

108 (22%)

381.84 (56.13–1038.75)

6.02 (0.00–54.90)

2.63 (0.00–179.19)

0.70 (0.40–1.14)

 Less than high school

166 (34%)

437.94 (93.47–2779.17)

6.78 (0.00–35.12)

2.74 (0.00–30.01)

0.68 (0.33–1.34)

 Some college

75 (15%)

415.24 (195.26–1600.50)

7.08 (0.00–56.00)

3.18 (0.00–119.67)

0.72 (0.48–1.54)

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

 18.5–24.99

195 (41%)

482.78 (93.47–2779.17)

8.35 (0.00–173.86)

3.95 (0.00–218.44)

0.70 (0.40–1.22)

 25–29.99

149 (31%)

436.88 (140.80–3664.91)

6.92 (0.41–52.23)

2.75 (0.00–130.60)

0.69 (0.30–1.34)

 >29.99

135 (28%)

392.29 (56.13–1570.18)

5.85 (0.00–39.70)

2.78 (0.00–36.57)

0.71 (0.40–1.54)

Smoking status

 No smoking

358 (74%)

450.11 (93.47–2779.17)

7.91 (0.00–173.86)

3.31 (0.00–218.44)

0.70 (0.30–1.34)

 Smoking prior to pregnancy

49 (10%)

433.03 (195.26–3664.91)

7.71 (0.00–70.22)

3.42 (0.00–129.48)

0.65 (0.44–1.04)

 Smoking during pregnancy

79 (16%)

447.62 (56.13–1570.18)

5.27 (0.35–39.70)

2.74 (0.30–130.60)

0.71 (0.40–1.54)

Folic acid supplementation

 Yes

433 (89%)

441.19 (56.13–2779.17)

7.04 (0.00–76.90)

3.08 (0.00–186.65)

0.70 (0.30–1.54)

 No

52 (11%)

461.59 (143.07–3664.91)

9.87 (2.34–173.86)

3.49 (0.00–218.44)

0.69 (0.45–1.19)

Gestational diabetes

 No

461 (94%)

447.62 (56.13–3664.91)

7.35 (0.00–173.86)

3.10 (0.00–218.44)

0.69 (0.30–1.54)

 Yes

30 (6%)

415.23 (195.26–841.23)

9.07 (1.43–33.29)

3.41 (0.93–36.57)

0.72 (0.53–1.07)

Gestational age at blood draw

 1st trimester

316 (64%)

455.71 (56.13–3664.91)

8.85 (0.00–173.86)

3.51 (0.00–218.44)

0.71 (0.30–1.54)

 2nd trimester

166 (33%)

415.23 (109.44–2779.17)

5.77 (0.00–32.19)

2.70 (0.00–36.57)

0.66 (0.40–1.34)

 3rd trimester

15 (3%)

301.80 (216.96–759.84)

3.06 (0.35–11.64)

2.16 (0.00–30.01)

0.62 (0.44–1.03)

Infant sex

 Male

248 (50%)

444.75 (109.44–3664.91)

7.33 (0.00–76.90)

3.25 (0.00–179.19)

0.70 (0.33–1.19)

 Female

249 (50%)

447.77 (56.13–2779.17)

7.54 (0.00–173.86)

3.18 (0.00–218.44)

0.69 (0.30–1.54)